Loaʻa nā hemahema o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pae pae?
Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka ikehu hou, aia mau kēia ʻelepani i loko o ka lumi e hula ana nā mea a pau ma kahi o - waihona. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu pae grid ke kani maikaʻi ma ka pepa, a he mea pono ia inā mākou e hana i ka makani a me ka hana o ka lā ma ka pālākiō. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pae kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e ʻeli ai ʻoe ma mua o nā palapala kūʻai aku a me nā kōkua aupuni.
ʻO ka mea mua e pili ana iā ʻoe ʻo ke kumukūʻai. ʻAʻole ʻo ka hoʻolilo kālā ma mua, ʻo ia ka -o ka maka, akā ʻo nā kumukūʻai hana e hoʻomau i ke kahe koko i kēlā me kēia makahiki. E lawe i ka Hornsdale Power Reserve ma South Australia - Tesla pāhana pākaukau nui mai ka makahiki 2017 i makemake nui ʻia e nā mea a pau e haʻi mai he moʻolelo kūleʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻokūpaʻa ia i ka mākia i ka wā o nā hanana pinepine, akā ʻo ka ʻōnaehana 150 MW / 194 MWh ke kumu kūʻai ma kahi o $90 miliona AUD (www.abc.net.au). He mea like ia me $600,000 no kēlā me kēia megawatt-hola o ka hiki ke mālama. No kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kēlā me kēia pōʻai hoʻokahi.
ʻO nā ʻaniani Lithium-iona, ka mea e hoʻomalu nei i ka mākeke mālama pūnaewele i kēia manawa, e nalowale ana ma kahi o 2-3% o ko lākou kaha i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka wā ʻelemakule kalena, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana nui ia mau mea. A laila aia ka pōʻaiapili degradation ma luna o kēlā. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana pākahi pāʻoihana ma kahi o 80% ka nui ma hope o 10 mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi ke uku maoli nei ʻoe no ka waiho ʻana e mahuka mālie. Maikaʻi wale ka ʻoihana waiwai i nā hihia hoʻohana kikoʻī e like me ka hoʻoponopono alapine kahi āu e uku ai i ka uku uku no nā manawa pane millisecond.
ʻAʻole lawa ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia palekana. Hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe a pau i ka wā i puhi ʻia ai ka pākaukau ʻo Moss Landing ma Kaleponi i ka makahiki 2021. He 300 MW / 1,200 MWh hoʻokomo ʻia - kekahi o ka honua nui loa i kēlā manawa - a pono e pani ʻia no nā mahina. A laila, ʻā hou ʻia ke ahi i ka makahiki 2022 (www.energy-storage.news). ʻAʻole kēia mau ahi kīhini liʻiliʻi a mākou e kamaʻilio nei. Paʻakikī loa ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā kinoea ʻawaʻawa Lithium{14}} Pono ka ʻoihana ahi e hoʻopau iā ia iho me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea āpau mai ka hopu ʻana.
Ke hoʻokomo nei ʻo Kaleponi i ka waiho ʻana o ka pākaukau e like me ka pupule, akā ke holo nei lākou i kēia pilikia koʻikoʻi kahi e hoʻokuʻu wale ai nā pila ma kahi o 4 mau hola ma ka mana helu. Maikaʻi kēlā no ka ʻāhi ʻana i ke ahiahi i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka lā, akā he mea ʻole ia no nā hanana -he nui o nā lā a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kau. Pono ʻoe i 50-100 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waihona no ka mālama ʻana i nā wā ao o ka pule i ka hoʻoilo.
E ʻae mai iaʻu e hoʻolei aku i kekahi mau helu ʻenehana iā ʻoe. He 85%{11}90% ka holo kaapuni ma kahi o ka -scale lithium-ion system, a hiki i kou ike ana he 10-15% o kou ikehu e nalowale ana i ka wela. No kēlā me kēia 100 MWh āu e mālama ai, loaʻa iā ʻoe he 85-90 MWh wale nō. E hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai wai ma 70-80% ka maikaʻi - ʻae ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa, akā hiki i ka pumped hydro ke mālama i ka ikehu no nā mahina me ka nui ʻole o nā poho, aʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā lākou iho ma kahi o 1-3% o kēlā me kēia mahina.
Piʻoloke ka ʻaoʻao kaiapuni. ʻO ka mining lithium, cobalt, nickel - ʻaʻole kēia mau hana maʻemaʻe. Aia kēia hōʻike 2020 e hōʻike ana i ka hana ʻana o ka pākaukau e hana i nā hoʻokuʻu CO2 koʻikoʻi, ma kahi o 60-150 kg CO2 i kēlā me kēia kWh o ka mana pākaukau e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana. Inā e holo mau ana kāu mākia ma luna o ka lanahu i ka wā e kūkulu ana ʻoe i kahi waiho pākaukau, ke hoʻololi wale nei ʻoe i nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana iā lākou.
A laila aia ka pilikia o ke kaulahao lako. Ke ʻike nei mākou i ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai lithium, a ʻo ia ma mua o ka piʻi nui ʻana-i ka hana EV. Ke hoʻokūkū nei ka mālama ʻana i ka pahu a me nā kaʻa uila no nā mea pākaukau like, a ʻaʻole lawa ka mana hana e hoʻomāʻona i nā mākeke ʻelua ma nā unahi e kūkākūkā ʻia nei. Ke wānana nei kekahi poʻe loiloi i ka nele o ka lithium i ka makahiki 2025 a i ʻole 2026. Laki maikaʻi ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hola terawatt-o ka waiho ʻana inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokumu i nā mea.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pihi Flow ma ke ʻano he hopena, akā aia lākou "ma kahi o ke kihi" no nā makahiki he mau makahiki i kēia manawa. He mea weliweli ka nui o ka ikehu - nā pākaʻi kahe vanadium ma kahi o 20-30 Wh/kg i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me -ion's 200+ Wh/kg. ʻO ia hoʻi nā pahu wai nui o ka solution electrolyte, nui nā paipu i hiki ke kahe, nā pamu e hoʻopau i ka mana a pono e mālama. A ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a pau, he liʻiliʻi mau ke kumu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o nā pā kahe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lithium-ion. Aia paha ke kumu o ia mea.
He 95% ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka mānoanoa honua i kēia manawa, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kūkulu iā ia ma nā wahi āpau. Pono ʻoe i ka palapala ʻāina kūpono - ʻelua mau pūnāwai nui ma nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻouna. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i ke kaiapuni wale nō he mau makahiki. I ka manawa i noi aku ai ʻo Pacific Gas & Electric i kahi hale wai puna ma Kaleponi i kēia mau lā, ke nānā nei lākou i 8-10 mau makahiki no ka ʻae ʻana a me nā noiʻi kaiapuni ma mua o ka haki ʻana. A ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻohe hoʻopiʻi mai nā hui kaiapuni e hopohopo nei i nā wahi noho iʻa.
Pono nā pilikia hoʻohui pūnaewele i kā lākou kūkākūkā ponoʻī. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ka waihona e pono ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā transformers, nā ʻōnaehana pale, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu. ʻAʻole ia e pākuʻi -a-pāʻani. Ke hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia nā pākaukau, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā pilikia o ka mana o ka mana - nā loli uila, nā distortions harmonic. ʻAʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia ka mānoanoa no nā kaukani o nā ʻōnaehana pākaukau i hoʻopaʻa a hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka lā a me ka manawa-o-hoʻohana i nā hōʻailona kumu kūʻai.
Pono ka mea hoʻohana pūnaewele CAISO o Kaleponi e hoʻomohala i nā lula makeke hou loa a me nā ʻōnaehana koho no ka mālama ʻana i ka waiho ʻana, a ke noʻonoʻo nei lākou. Hiki i ka waihona ke komo i nā mākeke ikehu, nā mākeke hiki, nā mākeke lawelawe ancillary - akā ʻokoʻa nā lula i kēlā me kēia mana a ke loli mau nei lākou. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa kālā ʻana i nā papahana no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻike nā mea hoʻopukapuka i nā kahawai kālā e hiki ai iā lākou ke hilinaʻi.
Aia nō kēia pilikia moa -a me-hua ʻē me ka waiho ʻana a me ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i ka ikehu hou. Pono ʻoe i kahi mālama hou aʻe e hiki ai i nā mea hou aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hui ʻana, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻolalela ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻo Kelemania i kēia ma ke ala paʻakikī - ua hoʻokomo lākou i ka nui o ka lā a me ka makani akā ʻaʻole i lawa ka mālama ʻana, no laila, hoʻopau lākou i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana hou inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makemake, a i ʻole ke puhi ʻana i nā mea kanu wahie fossil i ka wā ʻaʻole paʻi ka makani.
ʻOi aku ka pilikia o ke ola ma mua o nā kumu ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke holo ka hale mana kinoea maoli no 30-40 makahiki me ka mālama mau. He 50-100 mau makahiki i hala nā hale wai paila. ʻO nā pākahi Lithium-ion? Ke nānā nei ʻoe i 10-15 mau makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana, malia paha 20 inā ʻoe e pēpē iā lākou a ʻaʻole hoʻopiha piha. ʻO ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho pākaukau holoʻokoʻa i nā manawa he nui ma mua o ke ola o nā panela solar a i ʻole nā pili makani makani a lākou e manaʻo ai e kākoʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻonui maikaʻi nā kumukūʻai o ke ola.
A ʻaʻole wau i komo i nā koi hoʻohana ʻāina. Pono ka nui o ka ho'okomo 'ana i ka pila, nā hale i ho'omalu 'ia ke aniau{1}}, nā 'ōnaehana ho'opau ahi, nā pā palekana. Hiki ke ho'opa'a 'ia ka nui o nā 'eka ma kahi hale pākaukau 100 MWh. E hoʻonui i kēlā me nā haneli a mau kaukani paha o ia mau mea e pono ai no ka mālama ʻana i ka pālākiō koʻikoʻi -a ke kamaʻilio nei ʻoe no ka nui o ka ʻāina. Ma nā wahi e like me Iapana a i ʻole Singapore kahi i uku nui ʻia ai ka ʻāina, lilo kēia i mea paʻa nui.
No laila, aia nā hemahema o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pae? ʻAe, hana lākou. ʻAʻole ia manaʻo ʻaʻole pono ka waiho ʻana a ʻaʻole pono mākou e kūkulu. Akā ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pilikia a i ʻole e hoʻoponopono lākou iā lākou iho me ka nui o nā haʻawina a he lapuwale ka manaʻo maikaʻi. ʻO kēia nā pilikia ʻenekinia maoli, hoʻokele waiwai, a me nā pilikia ʻepekema waiwai e pono ai nā hoʻonā maoli, ʻaʻole wale ka cheerleading.