Pili loa ka nohona o kēia wā i ka uila. E loaaikehu uila, hoʻohana nā kānaka i nā ʻano ikehu like ʻole, e like me nā wahie mōʻalihaku, hydropower, mana makani, ikehu lā, ikehu kemika, a me ka ikehu nuklea, e hoʻololi ana i kēia ikehu i ikehu uila no ka hoʻohana ʻana. Ma waena o kēia mau mea, ua kapa ʻia nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi pololei i ka ikehu i hana ʻia e nā hopena kemika i ka ikehu uila.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kumu mana kemika a hiki i ke kenekulia 18. I ka makahiki 1786, ua ʻike mua ʻo Garvani ka mea olaola Italia i ka ʻoki ʻana o nā ʻiʻo o nā wāwae rana i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua ʻokiʻoki ʻana a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka bioelectricity. Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1800, ua hoʻokumu kekahi kanaka ʻepekema Italia ʻo Volta, ma muli o ka noiʻi ʻana a Garvani, i manaʻo hou: manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ka wili ʻana o nā wāwae rana ma muli o ke au i hana ʻia e ka pilina o nā metala like ʻole. Ma muli o kēia kuhiakau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Volta i ka zinc a me nā ʻāpana keleawe a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou me ka ʻili i hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka wai paʻakai, no laila ua hana ʻia ke kumu mana kemika ʻoiaʻiʻo mua loa o ka honua, ʻo ia ka Voltaic pile kaulana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 1-3. I ka makahiki 1836, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Daniel i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o Volta a ua hoʻomohala i ka pākaukau Daniell pono loa. Mai ia manawa mai, ua komo ka ʻenehana pākaukau i kahi wā o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana, me nā ʻano ʻaʻaʻa pāʻani hou e like me ke kumu{10}}acid batteries, zinc-manganese, a me cadmium-nickel batteries e puka mai ana kēlā me kēia. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, me ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano mea like ʻole e like me ka zinc{15}}nā ʻeke kālā, ka hao -nickel batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium metal batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and fuel cell. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau mea hou i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nohona hou.
I kēia manawa, nui nā ʻano pākahi ma ka mākeke, a ʻokoʻa kā lākou ʻano hoʻohālikelike. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka electrolyte i hoʻohana ʻia, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā ʻāpana he nui: ʻo ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā wai waiʻawaʻawa e like me nā electrolytes i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻakika acidic; ʻO ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka wai wai alkaline ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo alkaline batteries; ʻo ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā wai wai kūʻokoʻa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo nā bateria neutral; a ua kapa ʻia nā ʻakika e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻōhua electrolyte organik i nā ʻōhua electrolyte solution. Eia hou, aia nā ʻeke uila -state paʻa i hoʻolālā ʻia ma muli o nā electrolytes paʻa; a ʻo nā pākahi e hoʻohana ana i nā paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he electrolytes ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo molten salt electrolyte batteries.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pihi ma muli o kā lākou ʻano hana a me nā mīkini mālama mālama ikehu, e hāʻule maʻamau i ʻehā mau ʻāpana nui:
ʻO nā pila kumu mua
(1) ʻO nā ʻōhua kumu, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā cell galvanic, e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pākaukau ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i kona kūlana mua ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana ma ka hoʻouka hou ʻana. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana hoʻokahi wale nō ia mau pila. ʻO ke kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia nā ʻaʻa kumu mua, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ko lākou mau hopena kemika o loko, a i ʻole inā hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono. ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā ʻakika manganese Zinc-a me nā ʻeke lithium manganese dioxide.
ʻO nā pākahiko lua
(2) ʻO nā ʻakika lua, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau ʻaʻa paʻa, he mau ʻaʻa e hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ko lākou mau mea hana i loko i ko lākou kūlana ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka hoʻouka hou ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau pākahi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hana ʻoihana. Aia i loko o nā ʻeke kiʻekiʻe nā ʻokoʻa nā ʻeke -acid, nickel-metal hydride, a me ka lithium-ion.
ʻO nā pākaukau mālama
(3) Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻenekini hoʻopaʻa, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā ʻōhua i hoʻāla ʻia, e ka electrolyte a me nā mea hana electrode i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wā mālama, a i ʻole ka electrolyte i kahi kūlana ʻole. Hoʻomaka wale lākou e hana i ka wā e pono ai, ma hope o ka hoʻāla ʻia ʻana e ka injecting electrolyte a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia nā mea hana electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā o ka waiho ʻana, kūpono kēia mau pila no ka mālama -manawa lōʻihi. ʻElua mau ʻano pākahi maʻamau o nā ʻakomi waihona ʻo Zinc-a me ka magnesium-copper chloride.
Huina wahie
(4) Loaʻa i nā pūnaehu wahie, i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻenekini hoʻomau, he mau mea electrode hana ʻole e lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kahua no nā hopena electrochemical. ʻO nā mea hana i koi ʻia no nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole e mālama ʻia i waho a hoʻolako mau ʻia i ka pākaukau i ka wā o ka hana, no laila e hāʻawi ai i ka mana mau. Hoʻokomo nui ʻia nā pūnaehu wahie i nā pūnaehu wahie membrane hoʻololi proton a me nā cell wahie alkaline.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe, kaulana nā kumu mana kemika no ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu, ka maʻalahi o ka hana, ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, ka maʻalahi o ka miniaturization, a me ke aloha o ke kaiapuni. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona he mea nui i nā pākaukau i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hana ʻoihana. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenekona mālama ʻana mai ka holomua o ka nohona a me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana; i ka manawa like, hoʻolaha ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana pākaukau i ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana a me nā kula ʻepekema.
No laila, ʻo ke kahua o nā pākaukau mālama ikehu he mau manaʻo hoʻomohala ākea no ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki mai ana.