A pākaukau lithium -ionʻO ia kahi pākaukau e hoʻouka hou ʻia e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua mau mea hiki ke hoʻohuli a hoʻihoʻi i nā ion lithium e like me nā electrodes maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā atom lithium i ka electrode maikaʻi i loko o nā ion lithium a me nā electron manuahi.
A laila neʻe kēia mau ion lithium i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole a hui pū me nā electrons manuahi ma laila e hana i nā atom lithium. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hoʻohui hou ʻia nā mana lithium ma ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i nā ion lithium a me nā electrons manuahi, a laila hui hou i ka electrode maikaʻi e hana hou i nā mana lithium. No laila, i loko o ke kaʻina holo holoʻokoʻa-hoʻokuʻu, noho mau ka lithium ma ke ʻano ionic a ʻaʻole loa i loko o ke ʻano lithium metallic, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai kēia ʻano pākaukau he pākahi lithium-ion. Ma muli o nā hoʻolālā like ʻole, ʻo nā ʻōhua lithium-ion maʻamau ma ka mākeke, ʻo ia nā ʻeke pouch, cell cylindrical, a me nā cell pihi. ʻO ka mea electrode maikaʻi o nā ʻakika lithium-ion he mea maʻamau ia he lithium-huihui waiwai, e like me LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNiO, a me LiMnzO2. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā mea electrode ʻino o nā pā lithium{12}}ion ma ka graphite. E pili ana i ka electrolyte, hoʻohana mau ʻia nā hopena o nā paʻakai lithium kūikawā (e like me LiPF6, LiASF6, a me LiCIO4) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā solvents organik. Hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe ke ʻano ethylene carbonate (EC) a i ʻole diethyl carbonate (DEC), a pēlā aku. I ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka pākaukau, -pōkole hoʻokuʻu ʻana, neʻe aku nā iona lithium i waena a i waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano he "pākuʻi noho pōhaku," e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā pākahi lithium -ion me ka lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) ma ke ʻano he electrode maikaʻi a me ka graphite ma ke ʻano he electrode maikaʻi ʻole ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo kāna hōʻike electrochemical: (-)CI LiPF(EC+ DEC) / LiCoO2(+).
Ka hopena electrode maikaʻi:
ʻO ka hopena electrode maikaʻi ʻole: 5.2
Ka hopena holoʻokoʻa:5.3
ʻO ka mea nui, hiki ke nānā ʻia ka pākaukau lithium-iona ma ke ʻano he hāmeʻa e hana ana ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka ʻona lithium-ion. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā iona lithium mai ka mea electrode maikaʻi, hele i loko o ka electrolyte, a hoʻokomo i loko o ka mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole, e waiwai ana ka electrode lithium -ʻoiai ʻilihune ka lithium{4}} I ka manawa like, no ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi ʻia nā electrons e pili ana i ke kalapona -electrode ʻinoʻino ma o kahi kaapuni waho. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, neʻe nā ion lithium mai ka electrode ʻino a i ka electrode maikaʻi, e lilo ai ka electrode maikaʻi i waiwai lithium-. ʻO ka maʻamau, i ka wā maʻamau-ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā ion lithium a unuhi ma waena o nā mea kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā oxides. Hōʻike mua ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi ʻana i ka spacing interlayer a ʻaʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano kristal kumu o nā mea. No laila, mai ka mana'o o ka ho'ololi hou 'ana, ua mana'o 'ia nā ho'ololi kemikika i loko o ka pākaukau lithium{13}}ion he ka'ina hana ho'ohuli maika'i loa. Aia i loko o ka pākaukau lithium{15}}iona ʻehā ʻāpana kumu: electrodes, electrolyte, separator, a me casing. ʻO nā electrodes ka mea nui o ka lithium{17}}ion battery, i loaʻa nā mea hana, nā mea hoʻokele, nā mea hoʻopili, a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa. ʻO nā mea ʻeleu (a i ʻole nā mea electrode) nā mea uila i loko o nā ʻakika lithium{19}}i hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu uila ma o nā hopena electrochemical i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. Hoʻoholo lākou i ka hana electrochemical a me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā pākahi lithium{21}}ion. ʻO nā mea hoʻoikaika kino nā mea electrode maikaʻi a me nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā mea electrode maikaʻi ka nui o ka pauka i hui pū ʻia me nā mea hiki ke kiʻekiʻe (e pili ana i nā electrodes metala lithium), e like me LiCoO₂, LiMnO₄, LiNi₁-x-Co:MnyO₂, LiCo:Ni-O₂, a me LiFePO₂.
Loaʻa nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea kalapona, nā mea hao, a me nā mea metala oxide. I kēia manawa, ʻo LiCoO₂ a me ka graphite ka nui o nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole no nā pākahi lithium{1}}ion i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā polokalamu kelepona. Eia hou, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā mea hana conductive (e like me ka acetylene black) i ka wā o ka hana electrode no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka conductivity o nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻokō pono ai i nā pono hana pono o nā pā lithium -ion. No ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana o nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole a me nā mea hana conductive i ka ʻohi o kēia manawa, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kahi mea hoʻopili. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa maʻamau ma muli o ka ʻaila-a me ka wai-based. ʻO ka nui o nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻaila -ka polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) a me ka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻopili wai{10}}ka mea nui ka carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene-butadiene rubber (CMC/SBR). ʻO ka hana nui o ka mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa, ʻo ia ke alakaʻi i nā electrons mai ka mea hana a puʻunaue like i kēia manawa, ʻoiai e kākoʻo ana i ka mea hana. Pono nā mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa i ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, a me ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa no ka electrode maikaʻi he alumini foil, a ʻo ka mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa no ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole he foil keleawe.
ʻO ke kuleana o ka electrolyte ke alakaʻi i nā ion lithium ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ke koho ʻana o ka electrolyte e hoʻoholo nui i ka manaʻo hana o ka pākaukau a pili i kona ikehu kikoʻī, ka hana palekana, ka hana pōʻaiapuni, ka hana helu, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa -hana wela, a me ka hana mālama. I kēia manawa, ho'ohana nui 'ia nā 'akika lithium-iona ma ke 'ano kū'ai 'ole-electrolyte, 'o ia ho'i nā solvents organik a me nā pa'akai lithium conductive. ʻO ka solvent organic ka mea nui o ka electrolyte a pili pono i kāna hana; ʻo ia ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e like me ka ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, a me ka methyl ethyl carbonate. Hāʻawi ka paʻakai lithium conductive i nā ion lithium i lawe ʻia ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole a ua hoʻokumu ʻia me nā anion inorganic a i ʻole nā anion lithium. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka paʻakai lithium conductive nui i loaʻa i ke kālepa ʻo LiPF6. I ke au hou, no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana electrochemical o nā pākahi lithium -ion a hoʻokō i kekahi mau hana kūikawā, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui hana, e like me nā mea pale ahi, i ka electrolyte.
I loko o ka hoʻolālā pākaukau lithium-ion, aia ka mea hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a me ka ʻino, a ʻo kāna hana nui ʻo ka pale ʻana i ka pilina pololei ma waena o nā electrodes ʻelua, no laila e pale aku i nā kaapuni pōkole. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke ʻano microporous kūʻokoʻa o kēia mea hiki ke hele i nā ion lithium me ka manuahi. no laila, me ka ho'ohana 'ana i ka -mea ho'oka'awale ki'eki'e hiki ke ho'omaika'i nui i ka hana electrochemical holo'oko'a o ka pila. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano mea hoʻokaʻawale i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka mākeke he kiʻiʻoniʻoni ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia me nā polyolefins, me nā huahana porous i hana ʻia me ka polypropylene a me ka polyethylene, a me nā huahana i hana ʻia ma o ka copolymerization o propylene a me ethylene a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyethylene homopolymer wale nō. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai ʻole i loko o nā ʻeke lithium-ion e alakaʻi i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa lithium-ion conductivity, no laila e koi ana i kahi wahi electrode nui. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano ʻeha-pili i ka wā o ka hui ʻana o ka pākaukau, ʻaʻole pili wale ka hana ʻana o ka pākaukau i nā electrodes ponoʻī akā i nā mea hoʻopaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka pākaukau. Pono kēia mau mea hoʻopaʻa e hōʻoia i ka kūlike a me ka palekana o nā mea hana i ka wā e hana ai i ka electrode, e hoʻopaʻa pono i nā mea hana i ka ʻohi o kēia manawa, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni SEI (solid{13}}clectrolyte interphase) ma ka graphite anode, mālama pono i ke kūpaʻa wela i ka wā e hoʻomaloʻo ai, a e pulu pono ʻia e ka electrolyte.
ʻO ka pahu o waho ka ipu o ka pākaukau lithium-ion. ʻO nā pahu i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia, nā pahu kila, nā pahu aluminika, a me nā pahu hoʻoheheʻe aluminika - ʻO ka maʻamau, koi ʻia ka pahu e pale i nā loli i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka corrosion mai ka electrolyte.