ʻO ka loina hana o nā pākaukau mālama ikehu
Hepākaukau mālama ikehuhe mea hoʻololi a mālama i ka ikehu ma waena o ka ikehu uila a me ka ikehu kemika. I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hoʻololi pololei ʻia ka ikehu kemika i ikehu uila; i ka wā e hoʻouka ai, hoʻololi hou ʻia ka ikehu uila i ikehu kemika no ka mālama ʻana. Hana ʻia nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole i ka pākaukau i nā mea like ʻole. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka electrolyte like, e hoʻokumu nā electrodes ʻelua i kā lākou mau electrode ponoʻī, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka laina haʻihaʻi ABCD ma ke Kiʻi 1-4 (ʻo ka hakahaka ma waena o ka laina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā electrodes e hōʻike ana i ka papa pālua uila i hana ʻia). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka pono electrode equilibrium ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ia ka ikaika electromotive (EMF) E.
Kiʻi 14 kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o ke kumu hana o ka pākaukau mālama ikehu
Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole i kahi haʻahaʻa o waho, loaʻa i ka mea electrode maikaʻi nā electrons a loaʻa i kahi hopena hoʻemi, e hana ana i ka polarization cathodic, no laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki electrode maikaʻi; nalo ka mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole i nā electrons a loaʻa i kahi hopena oxidation, e hana ana i ka polarization anodic, pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka pono electrode maikaʻi ʻole. No ke kaapuni waho, kahe nā electrons mai ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka electrode maikaʻi, no laila ʻo ke kuhikuhi o kēia manawa mai ka electrode maikaʻi i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole. I loko o ka electrolyte, hoʻoili ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ion, no laila ke kuhikuhi i kēia manawa i loko o ke kaapuni kūloko mai ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka electrode maikaʻi. Ma ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu, hōʻike ʻia ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka pākaukau e nā laina haʻihaʻi A'B'C'D' ma ke Kiʻi 1-4. Hoʻokumu ka hana holoʻokoʻa i kahi loop pani piha, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻonā ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā electrodes e hoʻomau mau ʻia, no laila e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kahe mau ʻana i loko o ka loop pani. I ka wā e hana ana ka pākaukau, ua kapa ʻia nā hopena electrochemical e hoʻoulu ai i ka ikehu uila ma nā electrodes, a ua kapa ʻia nā mea i komo i kēia mau ʻano hana.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻouka ʻana o kahi pākaukau ʻo ia ka hoʻohuli ʻana o kāna kaʻina hoʻokuʻu. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hiki mai ka oxidation ma ka electrode maikaʻi, aʻo ka emi ʻana ma ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole; i ka manawa like, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion i loko o ka electrolyte e kūʻē i kēlā i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai, a ʻo kahi kumu mana waho i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wehe ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu kaapuni o ka pākaukau e koi ʻia e hoʻokele i kēia kaʻina hoʻololi kemika, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e nā laina haʻihaʻi A"B"C"D" ma ke Kiʻi 1-4.
No ka hoʻololi pololei ʻana i ka ikehu kemika i ka ikehu uila, ʻokoʻa ke kaʻina hana redox i loko o kahi pākaukau mālama ikehu mai nā hopena redox maʻamau. I loko o kahi pākaukau, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina o ka nalowale ʻana o nā electrons (oxidation) a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā electrons (hōʻemi) i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Eia kekahi, pono e kahe nā electrons ma kahi kaapuni o waho ke komo nā mea hana i ka hopena. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia mau mea koʻikoʻi ʻelua i ke ʻano hana redox i loko o ka pākaukau mai nā ʻano hana redox kemika maʻamau a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka micro{3}}cell i loko o nā hanana ʻino electrochemical.
Ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻōhua mālama ikehu
Pono e loaʻa i kahi pākaukau mālama ikehu ʻehā mau mea nui: electrodes, electrolyte, separator, a me ka pahu pahu.
electrode
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā electrodes, e like me nā mea nui o ka pākaukau, i nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole, ka mea nui i haku ʻia me nā mea hana a me kahi conductive framework. I waena o lākou, ʻo nā mea hana e hoʻoulu ai i ka ikehu uila ma o nā hopena kemika i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka pākaukau, a ʻo ia ke kumu nui e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana pākaukau. Paʻa ka nui o nā mea hana, akā hiki ke ola ma ke ʻano he wai a i ʻole kinoea.
He mana koʻikoʻi ko nā mea hana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka pākaukau, a no laila e loaʻa i ka maʻamau nā koi hana penei: ① Pono ka mea electrode maikaʻi i ka mana kiʻekiʻe, aʻo ka mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole pono e mālama i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, i mea e hōʻoia ai e hiki i ka pākaukau ke hoʻoulu i ka ikaika electromotive nui; ② Pono nā mea hoʻoikaika i ka electrochemical reactivity maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono lākou e komo maʻalahi i nā kaʻina redox; ③ Pono nā mea hana e loaʻa ka mana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe ma ke kaumaha a me ka nui; ④ Pono nā mea ʻeleu e loaʻa ka paʻa kemika maikaʻi loa i nā hāʻina electrolyte, a ʻo ka helu hoʻoheheʻe ponoʻī he haʻahaʻa loa; ⑤ Pono nā mea hana e loaʻa i ka conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe; ⑥ Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau, pono nā mea hoʻoikaika kūpono i nā kumu waiwai i nui a kūʻai ʻole ma ka Honua; ⑦ Pono ʻole nā mea hoʻoikaika kino i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe.
He mea paʻakikī ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana ma luna aʻe no kahi mea hana kikoʻī; no laila, pono e noʻonoʻo pono i ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hana. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea cathode i hoʻohana nui ʻia he metala oxides, e like me ke alakaʻi dioxide, manganese dioxide, a me ka nickel oxide, a me ka oxygen mai ka lewa. No nā mea anode, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā metala reactive kemika, e like me ka zinc, lead, cadmium, iron, lithium, and sodium.
ʻO ka hana o ka conductive framework ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mea hana i ke kaapuni o waho a hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kaulike o kēia manawa. Kākoʻo ia i ka mea hana. Pono e loaʻa i kahi hoʻolālā conductive maikaʻi ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa kemika kiʻekiʻe, ka resistivity haʻahaʻa, a me ka hiki ke hana maikaʻi.
electrolytes
ʻO ka hana mua o ka electrolyte e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokele ion kūpono ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole, e hana ana i ka hana o ka lawe ʻana i ka ion. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke komo pū i nā hopena electrochemical. No ka electrolyte i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka pākaukau, pono e hoʻokō i kāna hana i kēia mau koi: ① Pono ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi no ka pale ʻana i nā hopena electrochemical nui ma ke kikowaena ma waena o ka electrolyte a me ka mea hana i ka wā e waiho ai, a laila e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā ia iho -; ② Pono e loaʻa ka conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe. ʻOkoʻa ka haku mele electrolyte ma waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau, koho ʻia nā wai wai o nā waikawa, alkalis, a i ʻole nā paʻakai me ka conductivity maikaʻi loa e like me ka electrolyte. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi mau ʻenehana mana hou ke hoʻohana i nā mea hou e like me nā electrolytes solvent organic, molten salt electrolytes, a i ʻole nā electrolytes paʻa.
kaawale
Hoʻonoho ʻia kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he membrane a i ʻole ʻāpana, ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o kahi pākaukau. ʻO kāna hana nui ka pale ʻana i ka pilina pololei ma waena o nā electrodes, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi pōkole pōkole. ʻO nā pono hana maʻamau no nā mea hoʻokaʻawale: ① ʻo ia ka insulator uila maikaʻi e pale ai i nā kaapuni pōkole kūloko; ② me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ion i loko o ka electrolyte, ma laila e hōʻemi ai i ka pale kūloko o ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ka nalowale o ka ikehu ma lalo o -kūlana hoʻokuʻu kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa; ③ loaʻa ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, me ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino electrolyte a me nā hopena redox o nā mea hana electrode; ④ lawa ka ikaika mechanical a me ke kūlou ʻana i mea e pale pono ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka dendrite a pale i nā mea liʻiliʻi ikaika mai ke komo ʻana i ka membrane;
ʻO nā mea hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau ka pepa pulupulu, ka pepa pulp, nā plastic microporous, microporous rubber, cellulose hydrated, ka lole nylon, a me ke aniani fiber, etc.
Ka pahu pahu
ʻO ka pahu pākaukau, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka pahu pākaukau, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka pākaukau i loko o nā pākaukau mālama ikehu i kēia manawa kahi e lawelawe ai ka electrode zinc ma ke ʻano he pahu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻohana nā ʻano pākaukau ʻē aʻe i nā mea kikoʻī no ka encapsulation o waho ma mua o ka mea hana ponoʻī. Pono e loaʻa i kahi pahu pākaukau maikaʻi nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, kū i ka haʻalulu a me ka haʻalulu, noho paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana wela loa, a pale i ka ʻino mai ka electrolyte. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea e like me nā metala, plastics, a me ka ʻōpala paʻa e like me nā pahu pākaukau ma muli o ko lākou pono ponoʻī.